Best Layer 1 Protocols for Android of 2025

The public blockchain generates its value through the contributions of its community members, tackling genuine economic challenges in the real world. With the introduction of BlockRef and Expiration transaction fields, users gain the ability to define when a transaction should be executed or deemed expired if it remains unconfirmed in a block. Additionally, the system supports various transaction fee delegation models, such as Multi-party Payment and Designated Gas Payer, which facilitate a seamless freemium approach for decentralized applications, thus allowing for easier user onboarding. Developers can also leverage multi-function atomic transactions to combine multiple payments and contract function calls into a single transaction while controlling their execution order. By establishing dependencies, the system ensures that transactions with specified prerequisites will only be executed after the required conditions are met, enhancing overall efficiency and reliability in business operations. This technology not only streamlines processes but also fosters innovation within the ecosystem as developers can create more complex and interrelated functionalities.

Kadena’s public blockchain operates as a braided, high-throughput Proof of Work network that enhances both throughput and scalability while upholding the security and integrity associated with Bitcoin. Utilizing its native token, KDA, Kadena establishes a secure and scalable method for virtual currency transactions. Additionally, Kadena facilitates data sharing and is being utilized across multiple sectors including finance, healthcare, and insurance. The main net of Kadena is now fully available for public mining activities, with the latest updates accessible through the Chainweb-node GitHub Project, where users can also observe the real-time mining of parallel chains via Kadena’s Block Explorer. In addition, we have launched our Testnet Portal, which serves as a comprehensive resource for downloading our testnet wallet, acquiring testnet coins, engaging in games, and enjoying interactive experiences with our blockchain. This innovative public blockchain employs a massively parallel protocol that significantly boosts the efficiency of Proof of Work operations. With these developments, Kadena aims to revolutionize the way blockchain technology is integrated into everyday applications.

The landscape of blockchain technology is evolving at an unprecedented pace, yet both public and private blockchain networks continue to function independently from one another. It is essential for Open Finance to establish connections among these networks. This revolutionary movement fosters financial independence, empowerment, and interconnectedness that humanity has not witnessed before. Our goal is to enhance this transformation through a network of global connections. Wanchain stands out as the premier platform for blockchain interoperability, bridging the gap between isolated public and private blockchains to facilitate the seamless transfer of digital assets and data worldwide. Users can lock tokens on their originating blockchain using a decentralized, non-custodial method, and subsequently utilize proxy tokens within various DApps across Wanchain’s expansive cross-chain ecosystem. After utilizing the proxy tokens, users can burn them to release their original tokens. Furthermore, Wanchain supplies the foundational economic infrastructure that enables developers to create innovative financial applications that traverse multiple blockchains and engage diverse communities, paving the way for a more integrated financial future.

ThunderCore merges exceptional performance with the principles of decentralized trust. This integration stems from extensive academic research, resulting in an EVM-compatible public blockchain that provides enhanced throughput, quicker confirmation times, and reduced costs, facilitating swift deployment and scaling of DApps. The platform features the ThunderCore Hub, which serves as a secure and user-friendly crypto wallet equipped with a comprehensive DApp browser. Users can manage their digital assets effectively while engaging with fast, scalable, and user-friendly decentralized applications that are uniquely enabled by ThunderCore's high-performance blockchain. The native currency of this independent public blockchain is Thunder Token, which aligns with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) standards. Furthermore, tokens adhering to the ERC-20 standard can be created and launched on ThunderCore, allowing developers to utilize Thunder Token for building and monetizing decentralized applications. In this way, ThunderCore empowers innovation in the blockchain space, making it an attractive option for developers and users alike.

ICON is a decentralized application blockchain protocol designed to facilitate interoperability among various networks by aggregating blockchain data into a single layer as an aggregator chain. The vision for ICON is to create a new reality where individuals can develop and connect their unique communities, fostering a collaborative environment. Explore the ICON Republic and its native cryptocurrency, ICX, while discovering the possibilities of launching your innovative projects on one of the most rapidly expanding decentralized networks. It's crucial to support P-Reps who contribute positively to the ICON ecosystem for the sustained growth of both the network and your staked ICX. Currently, ICON offers some of the most attractive rewards for blockchain staking available. Users can manage their tokens through the official wallet designed for the ICON Network, which simplifies the voting process and enhances reward opportunities. MyIconWallet serves as ICON's wallet, accommodating ICX along with a variety of other cryptocurrencies. Additionally, our decentralized framework enables distinct blockchains with varying governance models to engage in transactions seamlessly, without the need for intermediaries. This innovative approach not only enhances connectivity but also empowers developers to harness the full potential of blockchain technology.

Elastos stands out as a premier provider of open source solutions, utilizing not just blockchain technology but also a peer-to-peer communication network, decentralized data storage services, and a comprehensive decentralized ID system for users and their digital assets. The official Elastos essentials super-wallet application offers extensive management capabilities for your digital identity, contacts, decentralized storage, token transactions, voting, and smart contract functionalities. This includes the RPC Crypto Wallet, which features interoperability, swapping, and bridging capabilities, alongside smart contract operations linked to the Elastos Smart Contract Chain (ESC). We refer to our innovative platform as the Elastos SmartWeb. Though our team is distributed worldwide, we share a common vision that the Elastos SmartWeb can significantly improve global conditions. Every component of our platform provides distinct features and services that attract both developers and users to the Elastos ecosystem, creating a vibrant community dedicated to fostering advanced technology. Ultimately, Elastos aims to empower individuals and enhance the way they interact with the digital world.

Waves represents a community-focused collection of decentralized, open-source technologies designed to facilitate the creation of scalable and user-centric applications. Offering a comprehensive framework for launching successful blockchain games, Waves features an algorithmic price-stable assetization protocol that allows for the development of stablecoins linked to various real-world assets, including national currencies and commodities. As a global open-source platform dedicated to decentralized applications, Waves employs a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism aimed at maximizing blockchain advantages while maintaining a low carbon footprint. The technology stack of Waves is applicable across a wide array of scenarios that require robust security and decentralization, such as open finance, personal identification, gaming, and the handling of sensitive data, among others. Additionally, the Waves Association, a non-profit organization based in Berlin, actively supports the advancement of Waves technologies by promoting research, education, and offering grants to projects utilizing the Waves stack, thus contributing to the ecosystem's growth and sustainability. This collaborative environment enhances the potential for innovation and encourages developers to explore diverse applications within the blockchain space.

Telos stands out as the premier network for practical applications across a variety of sectors, with Telos-based tokens, NFTs, and smart contracts already being utilized in decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and social media, all set against a backdrop of nearly limitless real-world applications. More than 100 projects are currently being developed on the Telos platform, and prominent brands are leveraging the Telos blockchain for tangible initiatives such as transparent hackathon evaluations and payment processing via Taikai. The network seamlessly integrates eosio C++ smart contract technology, establishing itself as the leading decentralized framework for high-throughput applications. Notably, Telos is on track to be the first EVM-compatible blockchain built upon eosio, allowing developers to deploy and operate their Ethereum applications on Telos EVM for optimal performance in DeFi. By joining Telos, you become part of a growing community of hundreds of developers and thousands of users who recognize its potential. The network emphasizes economic and geographic decentralization to enhance the security and integrity of the chain, supported by initiatives like the Telos Works proposal system and grant opportunities for emerging projects. This commitment to community-driven development fosters innovation and collaboration among its users and developers alike.

Qtum is a publicly accessible blockchain platform that is open-source, combining the security of the UTXO model with support for various virtual machines, including the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Utilizing a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, Qtum features a Decentralized Governance Protocol (DGP) that permits alterations to certain blockchain parameters through smart contracts, allowing changes like increasing the block size without necessitating a hard fork. This platform guarantees a reliable and standardized environment for developing smart contracts, which makes it easier for businesses to code, deploy, and execute their applications. As a decentralized application platform, Qtum ensures compatibility with existing blockchain systems and is designed to be modular, allowing for the integration of new technologies as they emerge. Additionally, a wide array of cryptocurrency wallets is available for Qtum, catering to the diverse needs of its user base. The platform also offers robust development resources that facilitate blockchain and application development, ensuring that developers have the tools necessary to innovate effectively. Ultimately, Qtum stands out for its unique combination of features that make it conducive to both individual and enterprise-level blockchain solutions.

Presenting the xx network, a pioneering blockchain ecosystem that is both quantum-resistant and centered on privacy. It now features the highly secure messaging platform, xx messenger, allowing users to engage with the future of blockchain technology through the only Layer One protocol shielded from quantum computing threats. This innovative messenger app ensures that communication between users is genuinely safeguarded. Every message sent is encrypted from end to end, with zero metadata collection. Built on the principles of the xx network, it introduces a user-friendly digital currency designed for optimal security and usability. xx messenger guarantees complete user privacy, eliminating any form of tracking, profiling, or surveillance. With robust end-to-end encryption, it offers a glimpse into a future where your messages remain unreadable by anyone, ensuring that your data is never sold. Experience a low-cost, quantum-ready currency that is protected from modern threats, making it a groundbreaking option in today's digital landscape.

Our network delivers exceptional features that allow users to swiftly, safely, and securely engage in digital payment transactions. By utilizing our vergePay applications, enhanced by blockchain technology, we simplify the process of digital payments. We take pride in being entirely open-source, with our project managed solely by a dedicated group of community volunteers who aspire to create positive change. Verge offers the robust security of blockchain payments to ordinary users through user-friendly software designed for practical applications. This platform facilitates rapid and efficient transactions for everyday individuals across a blockchain network. With low fees, fast processing times, a high circulation volume, and support across multiple platforms, Verge is ideally suited for widespread adoption. Our mission is to empower individuals globally by integrating blockchain transactions into their daily lives, making financial activities more accessible and straightforward. Ultimately, we envision a world where everyone can leverage the benefits of blockchain technology without encountering barriers.

Fluence is a decentralized platform aimed at fostering digital innovation through peer-to-peer applications. It offers an open-source and permissionless environment, along with a comprehensive development toolkit for creating, hosting, and operating peer-to-peer applications and protocols. Developers can create software that does not depend on proprietary cloud services, ensuring greater freedom and flexibility. The Fluence network operates applications without a central coordination point, thereby reducing the risk of failure and censorship. Each node participates in running only those applications that align with their interests or have commercial potential. The platform ensures that computations are protected by cryptography, preventing data leaks to untrustworthy peers. It caters to a wide range of computing providers, hardware options, and available services. By harnessing the advantages of Web 3, users can seamlessly integrate decentralized storage, identity solutions, and on-chain smart contracts into their Fluence applications. Additionally, developers can create robust applications by utilizing community-generated integrations with various Web 3 networks, expanding the possibilities for future digital solutions.

The integration of both private and public networks enhances throughput, scalability, reliability, and ensures data immutability and confidentiality in various solutions. Waves Enterprise offers consulting, deployment, and support services tailored to meet diverse needs. It provides ready-made solutions designed for rapid implementation within corporate settings. Furthermore, there is the capacity to create resilient enterprise-level solutions capable of handling complex smart contracts across various programming languages. The platform also includes advanced tools for system configuration and monitoring, facilitating secure data exchange among authorized users. It adheres to all applicable regulatory standards, ensuring compliance. Waves Enterprise represents a hybrid blockchain solution that leverages the strengths of both private and public permissioned blockchain technologies. Depending on specific client needs, the deployment can be on either a public permissioned or a private network, and to bolster data security and privacy, a hybrid approach can be utilized for optimal protection. This flexibility allows organizations to choose the model that best aligns with their operational requirements and security concerns.

Radix stands out as the sole decentralized network that facilitates rapid development, incentivizes contributions from all participants, and achieves seamless scalability. It offers a tailored DeFi programming environment designed for swift and secure application development. Additionally, the innovative on-ledger royalty system ensures that individuals who enhance the dApp ecosystem are justly rewarded. With a consensus mechanism that guarantees limitless scalability while maintaining DeFi composability, Radix allows developers to create efficiently without the looming risks of exploits or hacks. This unique platform fosters an open and interconnected space where a diverse array of robust DeFi applications can be developed in a secure environment. Furthermore, staking plays a vital role within the Radix network, as the amount staked directly correlates to the network's security, enhancing its overall integrity. This combination of features positions Radix as a groundbreaking solution in the DeFi landscape.

Offering lower transaction fees than any credit card, superior exchange rates compared to government-issued currencies, and quicker transaction confirmations than other digital payment options, Bitcoin Diamond stands out as the internet's native currency. This global currency allows you to buy products from virtually any country and have them delivered right to your home, regardless of your location. Each transaction costs less than a penny, and there’s no need for currency exchange. In contrast to traditional government-backed currencies, which can leave your money vulnerable to theft and inflation, Bitcoin Diamond provides a more secure alternative. As a fork of the Bitcoin blockchain, recognized as the most widely used and secure cryptocurrency, it boasts a limited supply to help maintain inflation control. Designed on a decentralized blockchain, Bitcoin Diamond ensures that inflation remains manageable, making it accessible from anywhere; each transaction is confirmed by numerous computers worldwide, enhancing its reliability and security. Its unique features position Bitcoin Diamond as a promising option for those seeking financial stability in an unpredictable economic landscape.

Dogecoin operates as an open-source, peer-to-peer digital currency that has garnered the affection of Shiba Inus globally. To utilize Dogecoin, one must synchronize with the blockchain, which can be achieved through various wallets. MultiDoge serves as a "light" wallet, efficiently syncing by swiftly navigating the blockchain, thus ensuring rapid synchronization times. In contrast, Dogecoin Core functions as a "full" wallet, requiring users to download the entire blockchain, which allows for a more robust Dogecoin experience. This cryptocurrency stands out in the digital currency landscape due to its lively and welcoming community, composed of friendly individuals who share a common interest. The Shiba Inu, a Japanese dog breed that became a viral meme, serves as the playful mascot for Dogecoin, affectionately known as "Doge." Users can hold their Dogecoins directly on their devices through a wallet, which acts as a secure storage option. There are countless ways to acquire Dogecoin, including purchasing, trading, receiving tips, mining, and various other methods, making the possibilities nearly infinite! Additionally, the accessibility and versatility of Dogecoin contribute to its growing popularity among cryptocurrency enthusiasts.

IOST is a cutting-edge blockchain network that offers exceptional speed, scalability, and security, utilizing an innovative consensus mechanism known as “Proof of Believability” (PoB). Our accomplished team of professionals, supported by leading investors, aims to serve as the foundational framework for online platforms that fulfill the demands of security and scalability within a decentralized economy. The high transaction fees and sluggish processing times associated with the Ethereum network have created opportunities for novel solutions, positioning IOST as a trailblazer with its advanced and transformative technology since the launch of its mainnet in 2019. The core technology of IOST—a decentralized blockchain capable of high throughput—outperforms 37 prominent competitors, including EOS and Ethereum, by over five times, based on recent assessments from China's Center for Information and Industry Development. With an impressive block time of 0.5 seconds and the ability to handle 8,000 transactions per second, developers can create applications on IOST without worrying about performance limitations. This remarkable capability not only enhances user experience but also broadens the scope for innovative applications in the blockchain space.

aelf stands as the forefront of blockchain cloud infrastructure, boasting a highly secure and advanced platform that features segregated, infinitely scalable cloud computing networks, thereby paving the way for a decentralized future. Its innovative approach includes cross-chain interoperability and a sophisticated multi-level main-side chains architecture, setting the stage for the Blockchain 3.0 era with unmatched cross-chain technology. Through the public beta testnet, users can explore core functionalities of the aelf main network, including node setup and elections, mining incentives, sidechain configuration, cross-chain interactions, DApp deployments, and much more. The platform offers a comprehensive toolkit for application development tailored to meet the diverse needs of developers seeking to build on decentralized blockchain layers. Furthermore, the aelf community actively engages in shaping the ecosystem, fostering progressive development through various governance mechanisms such as the aelf DAO, node elections, resource procurement, and proposal submissions, thereby reinforcing a collaborative environment for all participants. This collaborative approach not only enhances the network's functionality but also empowers its members to contribute meaningfully to its evolution.

Obyte operates as a distributed ledger utilizing a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure. In contrast to centralized ledgers and traditional blockchains, the Obyte ledger promotes decentralization, eliminating intermediaries while ensuring that access remains free, equitable, and open to all users. Through the Bonded Stablecoins platform, one can issue stablecoins that are tied to USD or BTC, or even create new stablecoins linked to various other assets or indices. Additionally, Stable+ coins are designed to increase in value over time, allowing holders to earn interest—potentially up to 16% per annum in USD. Governance tokens are also available, which appreciate in value corresponding to the issuance of more Stable+ coins. To trade tokens that have been issued on the Obyte network, users can utilize the ODEX decentralized exchange or the Oswap automated market maker; ODEX features off-chain order matching, achieving speeds comparable to traditional centralized exchanges, while Oswap enables liquidity provision, allowing users to earn fees with each trade. A unique feature of Obyte is its capability for conditional payments, allowing users to set specific criteria that must be met before the payee receives their funds, thus providing greater flexibility in financial transactions. This innovative approach redefines the potential of digital currencies, making them adaptable to various use cases.

RChain represents a revolutionary concurrent computational system that liberates the blockchain from traditional limitations. By pioneering a technology platform that emphasizes transparency and secure transactions at unprecedented speeds, RChain operates on a global scale. Its cooperative governance model and sustainable economic framework establish RChain as a public utility, offering solutions to pressing issues such as climate change, data security, and digital identity, among others. By harnessing intelligent concurrency and conducting appropriately-sized validations for each transaction, RChain achieves remarkable scalability and rapid processing. These transactions benefit from minimal execution costs and enhanced efficiency, ensuring that RChain's decentralized structure maintains security without sacrificing scalability. The Rholang programming language empowers developers to create applications that prioritize concurrency while enabling formal verification of all operations. Built on principles of radical open-source collaboration, RChain is continuously enriched by the contributions of its cooperative members, which in turn strengthens and expands its ecosystem. As a result, RChain is poised to not only transform blockchain technology but also tackle some of the most significant challenges of our time.

We are convinced that advancements in blockchain technology can enhance user experience rather than hinder it. This belief led to the creation of Vite, designed to ensure that Web3 applications are just as rapid and cost-effective as their Web2 equivalents. Vite operates as an incredibly swift smart contract network that features transactions with no associated fees. In addition, ViteBridge serves as a versatile and decentralized protocol designed for cross-chain transfers, enabling seamless movement of information and value across diverse blockchain ecosystems while promoting greater openness and interoperability within the industry. Furthermore, ViteX stands out as the pioneering decentralized exchange utilizing DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) technology. This cross-chain DEX provides users with a quick, secure, and seamless trading experience, all while eliminating gas fees. Traders can simultaneously engage in trading and accumulate the platform’s token, VX, and those who hold VX have the opportunity to receive 100% of the trading fees generated on the platform. Users can also list their trading pairs without requiring permission, and there is no need for KYC, ensuring that personal information remains private. Ultimately, Vite not only redefines efficiency in transactions but also prioritizes the users' autonomy and security in the blockchain landscape.

CasperLabs facilitates blockchain adoption by offering extensive professional services and support to businesses leveraging the Casper platform. The Casper Network stands out as the pioneering live proof-of-stake blockchain, stemming from the innovative Casper CBC specifications. Its architecture is tailored to enhance both enterprise and developer engagement with blockchain technology now, while also adapting to future user demands. Developed from the foundational CBC Casper specifications created by Ethereum developers, Casper allows businesses the flexibility to create either private or permissioned applications within its ecosystem. The proof-of-stake framework of Casper is set to support sharding, which is a crucial database-scaling mechanism. Additionally, features like upgradeable contracts, transparent gas fees, and WebAssembly compatibility ensure that Casper continues to progress alongside the evolving needs of businesses. The team behind the Casper Network, CasperLabs, is dedicated to providing a broad range of services and support that cater to organizations of varying sizes, from established enterprises to emerging startups, thereby enhancing the overall blockchain landscape. Ultimately, Casper's commitment to innovation positions it as a key player in the future of blockchain technology.

Dusk Network serves as a cutting-edge technology platform for securities, offering an open-source and secure blockchain (DLT) infrastructure that empowers businesses to tokenize financial instruments and streamline expensive processes. This distributed Financial Market Infrastructure (dFMI) aims to ensure a clear and definitive settlement of transactions, with the added advantage of achieving instant or nearly instant settlements in less than 15 seconds. The conventional proof-of-work consensus mechanisms utilized by Bitcoin and Ethereum fall short of meeting these critical requirements. In response, we have developed a highly efficient consensus model known as the Succinct Attestation agreement, which facilitates rapid transaction settlements within the 15-second timeframe. By leveraging zero-knowledge technology, organizations can utilize the Dusk Network to issue tokens that are governed by smart contracts designed to preserve privacy. This innovative approach allows the harnessing of DLT’s capabilities while adhering to confidentiality agreements and data protection laws, thereby ensuring both efficiency and compliance. Consequently, Dusk Network represents a significant advancement in the evolving landscape of financial technology.

eXchange inFinite (XinFin) operates on a Delegated Proof of Stake Consensus network (XDPoS), facilitating hybrid relay bridges and offering instant block finality while ensuring compatibility with ISO20022 messaging standards, which greatly enhances its appeal to developers. This interoperable blockchain network is designed for global trade and finance, allowing for the digitization, tokenization, and rapid settlement of trade transactions, thereby improving efficiency and minimizing dependence on intricate foreign exchange infrastructures; this ultimately offers financial institutions greater flexibility in managing liquidity. The Delegated Proof of Stake (XDPoS) mechanism employs stakeholder approval voting to address consensus challenges in a manner that is both fair and democratic. XinFin Protocol (XDC) achieves greater interoperability with existing legacy systems and various blockchain platforms, positioning it as a preferred language for core banking systems, ERP systems, SWIFT systems, and many others, thus expanding its utility in the financial ecosystem. Furthermore, its innovative approach to streamlining processes promises to revolutionize financial transactions in the digital age.

ProximaX Sirius is a robust platform that combines a range of distributed and decentralized technologies, catering to both developers and enterprises. Its architecture features a network of multiple servers organized in a “hub and spoke” configuration, with the blockchain serving as the central “hub” and various service layers acting as “spokes.” These service layers incorporate functionalities such as peer-to-peer (P2P) and distributed storage, streaming, databases, and supercontracts, ensuring that all data—whether it’s for storage, messaging, or transactions—remains encrypted. The streaming capabilities cover diverse formats, including text, video, and voice. Moreover, ProximaX Sirius allows for the integration of additional service layers, which can enhance the platform’s capabilities by incorporating specialized services like artificial intelligence or distributed computing for tasks like genome sequencing. Notably, the performance of existing service layers is maintained even as new ones are added, akin to multiple sets of network server nodes operating simultaneously, all interconnected through the blockchain at the center. This design not only promotes scalability but also ensures that the system can adapt to evolving technological demands.